Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie's life has become one of the most famous "rags- to- riches" tales in American history. Carnegie was born in Scotland in 1835. After emigrating with his family to the U.S. at age 13, he worked in factories and became a messenger in a telegraph office. His skill in transcribing messages attracted the notice of a Pennsylvania Railroad official, who introduced him to the railroad industry. Carnegie soon found success in this business. However, during the Civil War he became interested in the iron and steel industries. After the war, Carnegie invested all his savings in what would become the first American steel mill; he consolidated the Homestead Steel Company as the Carnegie Steel Company. By using vertical integration, he controlled the steel mills, mines, and railroad enterprises. This company was greatly successful, and in 1901 Carnegie Steel Co. merged with the U.S. Steel Corporation after selling out to J.P. Morgan. This negotiation strategy resulted in Carnegie becoming the wealthiest man in the world. Government policies did not really affect Carnegie's businesses; the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act was to destroy monopolies, but the measure was ineffective and evaded by corporations. Andrew Carnegie retired in 1901 from his businesses and became a philanthropist; he donated millions to charities and began over 2,800 libraries.

Western Myth vs. Reality

During the 1870s, the myth of the cowboy fueled Western romanticism and encouraged expansion. Cowboys were idealized as noble men who upheld the virtue of goodness. However, the lives of cattle herders were not pleasant. This job required more physical labor than actual heroic duels or gunfights. In the Western "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly", the standoff starring Clint Eastwood is highly dramatized. He is portrayed as a valiant man defending his share of hidden Confederate gold. Again, the reality of being a poorly paid cowboy did not include searching for diversions in the form of buried gold or gunfights.

The reason this particular Western myth lives today is because it is a part of American culture. Towards the end of the 19th century, cities in the East were becoming increasingly industrial. Many people began to look to the West as an untouched land brimming with opportunity. Migration to the West grew because people were eager to begin their own enterprises. As a result, the "natural man", or cowboy, became a symbol of the better life people thought was available in this region.

A Northern Woman's Life during the Civil War

Day 1: President Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves living in the Confederacy. My husband and I are strongly opposed to slavery, but we hope this act doesn't create mass chaos.

Day 2: My husband, a doctor, has been drafted under national law. Although he's a doctor, he will be forced to fight in battle as well as treat wounded men. The Peace Democrats are already rioting in the streets.


Day 3: Since my husband is away, I must become a teacher to support myself. It's dangerous to live alone during war, so I am moving in with my relatives.


Day 4: I've just gotten news of the First Battle of Bull Run. To the surprise and dismay of everyone, the Union troops were forced to retreat. This war will not be easily won.


Day 5: The Union army came through Gettysburg last night. I could see their campfires from my house. This afternoon, Lee lost one-third of his army during Pickett's Charge. Union morale is up; the end is near.

Women's Rights in Antebellum Society

Between 1820 and 1860, feminist reforms for women's rights formed and strengthened. As women were expected to be homemakers, the resentment against their limitations rose. Women began to feel that their social position was similar to that of slaves'. Reformers such as Catharine Beecher and Elizabeth Cady Stanton became the most prominent and outspoken members of their sex to rebel against their defined gender roles. The feminists' credo was "Men and women were created equal." In 1848, feminists convened in Seneca Falls, New York, to debate women's rights. At this meeting, the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" was drafted. This document demanded complete social and political rights for females. The most important concern addressed was voting rights for women. Due to the early feminists' actions, the 1920 suffrage movement was powerful and successful.

However, the feminist reforms revealed a darker side of society. Despite the great strides women made during the 1840s, many people were overtly and immutably against their cause, particularly men. Before the feminist movement had even notably progressed, men rebuked women for their unseemly, "inappropriate" behavior, which crossed conventional lines. Furthermore, women initially had little voice in their cause since they were so stifled by men, who operated social forums and legislature. Overall, feminist reforms of the antebellum years produced few immediate results. This is primarily because slavery and abolition had become an imperative issue for the nation.

Slavery in Southern Life

Slavery was the dominating reality of all Southern life. Socially, whites believed they were superior to slaves. Even the "poor white trash" southerners considered themselves far above blacks because racially they were still a part of the ruling class. The planters, those who owned plantations and slaves, were at the top of the economic hierarchy. Because of this, they had much social power and influence. The system of slavery also profoundly affected the South's and the nation's economy. By 1860, 57% of the U.S.'s total export revenue was generated through the cotton industry- which was made possible by slave labor. The social and economic structure of the South was, in effect, brought about by the institution of slavery.

King Andrew

President Andrew Jackson was known as "King Andrew" by the Whig opposition party. Jackson was a supporter of hard money; as a result, he was against the circulation of paper currency. He destroyed the U.S. Bank and removed government deposits from it, thus causing the 1837 Depression. King Andrew never revoked the high tariffs imposed on the country, which created division in America. Jackson also increased national power by invalidating the nullification theory, which had given the states the right to declare a federal law null and void. The Spoils System is another example of Jackson's tyranny. Through this establishment, Jackson's political allies had advantages over the common people. Furthermore, he enforced the Removal Act, violently relocating Native Americans to the west.

Nationalism & Sectionalism

Nationalism existed in both the North and the South. However, the issue of slavery acted as a dividing force that created sectionalism. The South supported slavery and did not want to be overpowered by the free states of the North. The Missouri Compromise kept sectionalism at bay by balancing free and slave states.